The Issue Of Juvenile Drug Possession - 1824 Words

Oliveira 1 There is a long debate about where to draw the line for children and adults when it comes to criminal offense. To that end, children who have committed adult crimes are instead tried in what is now family court. Thanks now children can be held accountable for their actions. Once such statute for this is 21a-278. This statute is split into parts a and b, with a â€Å"penalty for illegal manufacture, distribution, sale†¦or administration†. In the United States, juvenile drug possession occurs whenever a person under the age of eighteen knowingly owns a regulated drug or substance without a legal reason or permission. Being in possession of illegal substances is a crime in all states. Usually, a juvenile is pulled over by a police officer who notices the drugs somewhere in the car either by searching it or interrogating the driver. The common drugs that juveniles are pulled over for are marijuana, metaphetamine, or similar ones. In addition, possessing drugs without a doctor’s prescription can also lead to a drug possession charge. There are exceptions. Sometimes, a juvenile sometimes possesses something like oxycontin, but nothing illegal occurs unless the juvenile gives some of it away to another minor; thus, both get charged, one for possession and the other for using. The rules for a juvenile to be convicted are much harsher, in a sense, than it would be for Oliveira 2 an adult. A prosecutor, for example, doesShow MoreRelatedUnique Juvenile Situations Faced by Correctional Officers1315 Words   |  6 PagesRUNNING HEAD: UNIQUE SITUATIONS WHEN DEALING WITH JUVENILES Unique Situations When Dealing With Juveniles Corrections Professor Sunshine Richards Juvenile crime rates have been a main concern for law enforcement officials throughout the past several decades. â€Å"Over the past several decades, the number of juvenile arrests have been relatively stable except for increases in juvenile violent crime, as murder arrests for juvenile offenders increased by 93 percent during the 1980s and arrestsRead MoreSociology of Crime654 Words   |  3 PagesSocial Issue: Crime Crime affects all human beings regardless of their race, religion, age, or nationality. Some groups will encounter crime on a more regular basis than others and a primary example of this socioeconomic state. According to sociologists, crime is caused by deviation from the accepted norms of the society (Andersen Taylor 2009). Traditionally, lower income areas within a society will have more crime and more violent crime than areas with more economic advantages. This makes sense;Read MoreJuvenile Gun Violence Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Gun Violence Juvenile gun violence is an ever-increasing problem in our country. With a wave of school shooting behind us it is time to get this under control. Many studies have been done on how to effectively diminish juvenile gun violence. It is clear that this must be handled on a state and local level with the federal government backing the states. Prevention and law enforcement is the key to successfully eradicate our nation of the ugly stain caused by youth gun violence. Read MoreCRJ 180 WEEK SEVEN Essay1560 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ COMBATING JUVENILE DELINQUENCY GINA BUFFALOE CRJ 180/STRAYER UNIVERSITY DR. CLINTON MILLER 8/17/2014    COMBATING JUVENILE DELIQUENCY HILSBOROUGH COUNTY, FLORIDA Hillsborough County in the state of Florida initiated a program called the Juvenile Arrest Avoidance Program or JAAP in August of 2010. The the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI) was also implemented to provide at-risk youths the greatest opportunity to mature into responsible, law-abiding adultsRead MoreMinority Minorities And The Juvenile Justice System900 Words   |  4 PagesDisproportionate Minority Contact Minority children are exposed to the juvenile justice system at a higher percentage than their white peers. Minority children are over represented at every level of the judicial process. Minority children are more likely to be charged, detained, and confined. The proportion of minorities increases as each level becomes more restrictive. Research also indicates that minority children receive harsher treatment than Caucasian children do. Minority children are moreRead MoreSmoking Case Solution Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesL.O.’s mother and the police were notified and the evidence of drug dealing was turned over to the police. T.L.O.’s mother took her to the police station per the police, where she confessed that she had been selling marijuana at the high school. With the confession from T. L. O. and the evidence from Mr. Choplick, the state filed delinquent charges against T.L.O. in the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court of Middlesex County. Issue Does the fourth amendment’s â€Å"prohibition on unreasonable searchesRead MoreThe Ratio Of Seriousness Of Crime1635 Words   |  7 Pages they are just too young. They did not really know what they were doing.† Maybe that statement is true or maybe the juvenile offender knew exactly what he or she was doing. Who else besides the child would know? Who can accurately and fairly judge a child on his or her so called illegal behavior? The United States should be more concerned with providing rehabilitation for juveniles already involved in criminal activity and the prevention of criminal activity in younger generations of children. FederalRead MoreJuvenile criminal gangs have long been a significant issue with the criminal justice establishment.1100 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile criminal gangs have long been a significant issue with the criminal justice establishment. Youths coming together to commit criminal acts normally attributed to adult and more vicious criminal organizations are now being routinely committed by juveniles. The reasons for these youths in committing the activities have somewhat baffled author tries as well as scholars and researchers. It must be noted however, that juvenile delinquency is not new; laws in the past have sought to control theRead MoreViolence and Its Effect on the Community1641 Words   |  7 PagesViolence and its Effect on the Community Charlotte Anderson-Brown Axia College of University of Phoenix Violence and its Effect on the Community Violence in the community has become a major issue. While due to law enforcement agencies, community education and crime watch violence can be circumvented; violence directly and indirectly affects how we live our lives. Let’s us first examine what violence is. Violence is a physical action, which takes place once a person becomes upset to aRead MoreThe Number Of Teenagers Under Eighteen Arrested For Murder1560 Words   |  7 PagesThe number of teenagers under eighteen arrested for murder has risen over one hundred fifty percent from 1985 to 1994. Again, it has risen over one hundred fifty percent. That is a very large increase. Juvenile offenders should be tried as adults because juvenile crimes are equally horrendous as an adults’; however, instead of just looking at the offender’s biological age, courts should consider their mental age along with trying to provide therapy/rehabilitation rather than incarceration.   Ã‚  Ã‚   To

Management Aspect - 3834 Words

MANAGEMENT ASPECT INTRODUCTION Under this aspect, the following topics shall be discussed. How the squash and carrot processing shall be managed before and during the operating periods, pointing out the LACHANIKO PROCESSING CORPORATION and persons involved in studying the project. â€Å"CHIRZ† is the name of the product a vegetable drinks made primarily of blended vegetable such as carrot and squash. In recent years more and more people have come to realize the importance of eating and living healthy by selecting the all natural foods. This interest in healthy living and the subsequent learning of the life giving values of food prompted researchers on different health drinks, majority of which are focused on developing vegetable drink.†¦show more content†¦It will also help to enhance economic progress towards economic development by being one of the producers of vegetable drinks. NATURE AND LOCATION OF THE ENTERPRISE The proposed project shall be known and registered as LACHANIKO PROCESSING CORPORATION has 12 stockholders with 9 members of Board of Directors and 3 Subscribers. The said name is the Greek term of the word vegetable. The company portrays the making vegetable drinks and a successful venture strongly reigning throughout the country. Plant site is at Sabang Naic, Cavite with the area of 2,994.75square meters with the amount of Php 1,500,000.00, because of its proximity to our target localities with a location away from residential communities. And also its location is accessible for transportation, besides it is along the highway with fairly good infrastructure and convenient road that makes it easy to transport the raw materials and resources, the squash which comes from Calibuyo Tanza, Cavite and the carrot from Tagaytay. Other advantages are the availability of labor employment, and the water and the power supply are largely assumed the plant location. DEFINITION OF FUNCTIONS One of the elements of effective management is the presence of a well-designed delegated authority and clear and specific assumed responsibility. They make for a smooth flow of all types of work. Hence, the following functions for each position: 1. BOARD OF DIRECTORS TheShow MoreRelatedThe Theories And Aspects Of Management1665 Words   |  7 PagesFor the purpose of an deeper understanding of the theories and aspects of management, I have chosen two different individuals who both work as managers in their vastly different fields. Each one has had to develop their own use and understanding of the management skills, and how to use them to improve and adapt the fundamental skills of a successful manager to their everyday challenges. The first manager I interviewed, Lydia Lee, worked for a small family owned business; Out of This World CakesRead MoreManagement Is An Essential Aspect892 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence By Morgan D Dec 3, 2012 Copyright (c) 2012 Morgan D Management is an essential aspect in the running of any organization in the world. Despite the nature, size or location of an organization, sound management is an essential ingredient to ensure that the organization achieves its mission, goals and objectives. Management is therefore the process through which an organization is capable of achieving desirable outcomes by influencing the behaviour and activities of individualsRead MoreThe Theories And Aspects Of Management1666 Words   |  7 PagesFor the purpose of a deeper understanding on the theories and aspects of management, I have chosen two different individuals who both work as managers in their vastly different fields. Each one has had to developed their own use and understanding of the management skills, and how to used them to improve and adapt the fundamental skills of a successful manager to their everyday challenges. The first manager I interviewed, Lydia Lee, worked for a small family owned business; Out of This World CakesRead MoreDifferent Aspects Of Management Styles954 Words   |  4 Pagesto learn the nuances of both cultures and quickly adapt in order to fit in and to be taken seriously, especially in a work environment. This paper details my observances and experiences of different aspects of management styles of both regions and includes information from an analysis on management and culture in the English-speaking Caribbean that was published in the Journal of Eastern Caribbean Studies. I completed the last two years of high school 20 years ago at a school in the Caribbean,Read MoreLegal Aspects Of Risk Management875 Words   |  4 Pages Legal aspects: †¢ Liability: First of all, regarding risk management, the organising team of the event can be held liable for its actions or omissions. According to Silvers, liability means „the legal responsibility for one’s actions or omissions† (Silvers, p.56, 2013). An important question regarding legal aspects is „who owns the event†? The legal owner of an event can range from the organising committee, sponsors and the coordinator. Therefore, „whoever assumes ownership for the event entailsRead MoreStrategic Management Aspects Of Operations Management Essay2037 Words   |  9 Pages Strategic management of demand Evan Bledsoe BUS! 310 Prof. Jeannine Bennett Liberty Online 12/12/2016 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ASPECT OF OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Introduction Strategic management is majorly the work of the highest-level management which involves perpetual planning and implementing objectives of an organization in line with its resources and taking in consideration areas of competition such as internal and external environment (Pearce, Robinson Subramanian, 1997). StrategicRead MoreBehavioral Aspects of Project Management2326 Words   |  10 PagesBehavioral Aspects of Project Management Introduction The behavioral aspects of project management consist of many different areas that a project manager must master. The organizational culture is one area that can take time to master for many project managers. The culture of an organization can be the success or the failure of a project. Management must be share common beliefs and values and be willing to stand by them at the most critical times. The personality of the project leader is importantRead MoreAspects Of Supply Chain Management1209 Words   |  5 PagesAspects of Supply Chain Management Introduction The basic reason for negotiating a contract is to reduce risk, and establish who bears the cost of the risk incurred. Identifying the responsibility of the parties and avoiding finger pointing when a business operation goes bad. Perkins (2008), in studying risk and reward contracts states that risk and reward contracts are highly specialized, and require careful and creative management to create. In constructing a risk and reward contract they takeRead MoreBehavioral Aspects of Project Management2074 Words   |  9 PagesBehavioral Aspects of Project Management The purpose of this paper is to explore how organizational culture and human behavior influence the success of projects, in particular projects beset with issues. This paper will first answer how organizational culture influences the selection, sponsorship, prioritization, and ultimate success of projects. Secondly, answer the question of what role the project leadership plays in the success of projects and how a project manager can build and manage a successfulRead MoreThe Key Aspects Of Talent Management974 Words   |  4 Pagesto sell them. There are a number of steps in managing talent, but they all begin with a good plan. Having a strong workforce doesn’t happen by chance, it requires investment and intentional action. This paper will review some of the key aspects of talent management discussed in the first seven weeks of this course and their importance. A good first step is to understand the organization, it’s history and its short and long term goals. For example, Maisey’s Daisies had a goal to expand to offering

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The Impact Of European American Aggression On Native...

The history of Euro American aggression in Native affairs is a long, imposing and not one to be proud of. It is not just the Pilgrims which arrived on the shores of American in 1620, or subsequent and ever growing throngs of European immigrants to the shore of what would become the United States of America. With the invasion of Europeans into the new world came the European practice of settler colonialism. â€Å"European expansion took three forms: networks, the establishment of ongoing systems of long-range interaction, usually for trade; empire, the control of other peoples, usually through conquest; and settlement, the reproduction of one’s own society through long-range migration.† (Belich, James. Replenishing the Earth, p.21) All three of these processes have been used by Europeans to colonize and control North America. In the early 1600s Europeans arrived on the shores of what is now the United States with the intent of colonizing the land. From the 17th thro ugh the 21st centuries, the population of Native Americans declined because of epidemic diseases brought from Europe, violence, and warfare. The native people, out of the necessity to survive as a people, became creative when responding to the Europeans. Through the centuries of abuse and slaughter, the indigenous people of North America forged new and inventive ways of preserving and differentiating, the people and the cultures. Religion is a large part of the preservation of Indian culture in theShow MoreRelatedThe Government s Efforts For The Indigenous Peoples Of Canada1591 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION From the first contact between Aboriginal Peoples and European immigrants to the present day, the aim of Canadian government policy has been to assimilate the Indigenous Peoples of Canada. The attempted forced abandonment of their culture was perpetrated through a variety of strategies including force, aggression and legalities. While historians and politicians may disagree about the motivations of Canadian policy, the impact has been irrefutable. In efforts to create one unified nation,Read MoreSouth American Colonialsim Essay2119 Words   |  9 PagesSouth American Colonialsim South America is a primary example of a setting in which colonialism led to the infusion of two distinct cultures, becoming one through time. The potential of economically valuable areas lead colonizers to become intertwined with the culture of indigenous populations in South America. The Spanish first came to South America in search of gold and later with hopes of taking advantage of the natural resources again through the rubber industry. As the transformationalRead MoreFootball in America2675 Words   |  11 PagesAugust 6, 2011 Football In America American football has a long legacy in American History. 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She presents a negativeRead MoreWorld War I And World II3092 Words   |  13 Pagesruleover and take advantage of, most importantly the Shandong peninsula in China. They were also given the right of extraterritoriality in China, which means that Japanese could not be arrested and tried in Chinese courts, which made them equal to Europeans who also had the right, and let them act in a high-handed way toward the Chinese, because Japanese courts would rule in their favor. This lead almost directly to the May 4th Movement in China, which was a popular protest against the Treaty of VersaillesRead MoreThe Nuances Of The Ukrainian Conflict3781 Words   |  16 Pagesthousands of activists braved the freezing cold to protest on the central Maidan Independence Square in Kiev. Their grievance was then-President Viktor Yanukovych’s decision to align his country closer to Russia by rejecting a trade agreement with the European Union which many had been hoping for. The movement, known as Euromaidan, demanded the removal of Yanukovych from power and the establishment of closer ties to the EU. However, Yanukovych stood firm and the protestors came under fire, probably byRead MoreAp European History Outline Chapter 10 Essay example5639 Words   |  23 PagesMr. Dunbar AP European History Chapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery Section One: The Renaissance in Italy * Section Overview * Jacob Burckhardt, a Swiss historian, described the Renaissance as the â€Å"prototype of the modern world† in his book Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) * In Italy blossomed new secular and scientific views * People became to approach the world empirically and draw rational conclusions based on observation Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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A stereotype is an incorrect perception of a people based on minimal experiential evidence. Stereotyping is therefore rightly seen as a negative way of seeing people. This is even true of positiveRead More Nationalism and United States Policy in Latin America Essay6054 Words   |  25 Pagesare geared towards decreasing American power, but the strategy with which the United States responds to nationalism is based on concerns for national security, not on the actual nationalistic policies. How the United States interprets nationalism has decisive repercussions on the politics, economics, and society of the nationalistic country and its relation to the United States. Beginnings of Nationalism Beginning in the late 19th century, American capital and culture infiltrated

Business Research Paper Free Essays

The purpose of business research is to allow a business to set itself apart from its competitors by gathering as much information on the industry that it can and utilizing that data to create unique methodologies and business practices. Researching a business will provide information on things such as what products consumers like or do not like to buy, what the start-up costs will be, and whether any new business opportunity is viable to undertake. Researching also reveals the profitability potential of products and services and how they size up competitively with similar products available in the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most successful business in each industry are perfect examples of how to successfully market, advertise, and sell your products so they should always be considered. According to chapter 1 of the textbook, it does not matter whether you are a small mom pop bakery or a large corporation like Nabisco, business research is equally important to your company. In my personal experience I have found that the company policies and procedures set forth by the upper management will directly reflect how the employees will react to their clients and impact the business. Personal Experience I have worked for fortune 500 companies such as Verizon, ATT, and Time Warner in the telecommunications industry and I have learned how each of these companies markets their products to both businesses and consumers. The breakthrough in technology of fiber optic internet and television that became available to consumers in the last ten years was a huge push for all of these companies. There are many different ways the companies got the word out to their customers. The top methods included direct mail, television commercials, email and internet marketing, billboards, radio advertisement, and direct sales at retail locations or residential campaigns. I was part of the residential campaign selling products to consumers at their homes. The money that companies would spend on advertising (usually in the millions) is relatively hard to track and is becoming less effective today. For example, direct mail campaigns have a less than 1% chance of reaching the customer. Whereas visiting a customer at their home has a better chance of influencing the customer to buy the product by learning exactly how it will benefit them and tailoring a package to fit their needs and save them money. I learned that many customers had switched to a competitor due to poor customer service, high prices in the area, or a lack of services offered. In some cases, just telling someone that new technology was now available in their area instantly piqued their interest. Every consumer is different, but everyone wants to feel like they are getting the most value for their money. That is why I would always try to offer the highest level of customer service, the best products, and the best value for the money. Many times people are willing to spend more money for the same products with a higher level of customer service. That is why fancy restaurants are popular, because the atmosphere and the customer service make it a much better experience than cooking a steak at home. So understanding your customer, your competition, and the market are all important factors in researching any business. How to cite Business Research Paper, Essays

UCR vs. NIBRS free essay sample

Statistics is the foundation for the criminal justice system as a field of research and scientific study. It allows for the expansion of information both in criminology and the criminal justice system itself. Crime is mostly a sociological response to various factors. Research tests these theories against several factors to provide us with a basis of knowledge and information that helps us understand the where, when, why, and how of crime including the system that is designed to control it. This research cannot be conducted without the statistics compiled, analyzed, and reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI). In order for research to be accurate, the data used must also be accurate. Guidelines and regulations have been put into place to ensure the quality and accuracy of the data released. In order to keep up with the ever changing varieties of crime in the US, the data has become more specific and evolved into even greater detailed data sets to more accurately pinpoint causes of crime and high risk areas. We will write a custom essay sample on UCR vs. NIBRS or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper will discuss the two main resources of crime related data, how they compare, and their contribution to criminal justice research and the study of criminology. Introduction In 1929, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), developed a Committee to design a system for the collection of crime statistics. This Committee defined the criminal offenses known to policing and set up a database to determine the number of arrests and non-arrests for each incident, the seriousness of the offense, how often it occurred, where such incidents took place, and the likelihood of the crime being reported, and called this Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR). Due to the differences in the way similar offenses were categorized in different states, the Committee standardized definitions for the seven crimes they determined would be reported on a national basis by which they instructed the agencies involved to report their data. Subsequently, a manual was published that specified the uniformed definitions for crimes which were categorized as Part I and Part II and the procedures required for submitting the statistics for these categories. In 1930, Congress followed up with legislation authorizing the gathering of crime data which was ultimately spearheaded by the FBI who became the clearinghouse of crime statistics. This began the much needed statistically database system that allows crime trends to be analyzed, studied, and researched and important data regarding this information released to the general public. However, in order to continue accurate reporting, the UCR has made modifications, changes, and additions to its original format. In 1952, data regarding race, sex, and age of offenders and the victims was add and made available by 1962. In 1978, Congress added arson to the categories of offenses studied which was added permanently to the UCR in 1982. In 1990, bias or racially motivated crimes were recorded along with the specific reason for the offenders prejudice which included sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, religion, and late, physical and mental disabilities. Further, in response to the rise in gang violence, these incidents were added to the data collection in 1993. Lastly, in 2008 information regarding human trafficking and prostitution offenses were required to be reported. Despite all of these changes and additions in order to change with the trends of criminology and get a better picture of the crime affecting our country, there are many critics of the UCR and its reliability and validity. Although the primary objective was to provide reliable and accurate statistical data for law enforcement agencies to properly and effectively operate and manage their agencies, critics constantly point out the flaws of the UCR even though they use the data provided in their research. Therefore, the FBI has come up with a new, arguably improved, and more detailed reporting system known as the National Incident-Base Reporting System (NIBRS) But the questions remain, is NIBRS really more reliable than UCR, does it provide a more accurate reporting system, and how does this affect criminal justice research? Literature Review Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Statistical data provided by the agencies involved is reporting to the UCR is imparative for criminal justice research. These agencies voluntarily provide information based on the legislative reporting requirements and guidelines set forth for reporting of crime data. The data received from the agencies is reviewed by FBI staff to ensure its compliance with the reporting guidelines and regulations and for accuracy and reliability. It is then entered into a national database which is subsequently distributed by the FBI in various media forms and publications. There are three units that are involved in the management of the UCR program and they are the Crime Statistics Management Unit(CSMU), the Criminal Justice Information Services Audit Unit, and the Multimedia Productions Group. Specific data collections  can be requested in order to receive a specific set of data specific to your research design. To ensure quality in the data provided there are several procedures followed by the FBI. The CSMU staff is responsible for the initial review of the data that is received to ensure that it complies with the UCR policy, definitions, principles, and consistency of methodology established for statistical analysis and data collection. If there are errors in the information, the submitting agencies are contacted for clarifications or changes. Once these initial processes are complete, this unit then looks for logical consistency, reasonableness, sound estimation methodologies, monetary submission standards for property crimes, and other editing functions. The next step is the Criminal Justice Information Services Audit Unit who uses Quality Assurance Reviews (QARs) every three years to ensure the state agency is following proper UCR guidelines. The purpose of QARs is to: â€Å"Ensure that agencies data are compatible with UCR standards. Identify strengths and weaknesses in an agencys reporting methods, thereby helping the agency to improve the accuracy of its crime data. Assess the validity of an agencys crime statistics. Assist agencies through feedback and identification of UCR records management needs. † (FBI, 2014) This 5 step process concludes the accuracy and reliability testing. In order to provide uniformity in reporting, the FBI trains the various reporting agencies in the data collection process, definitions, and how to report this information once compiled. There is a specialized support team that can be consulted should any questionable situation arise. This goes a long way in ensuring that the data reported is done so in the same manner across the board in an effort to provide the most reliable of statistics. When the information is released to the public,all documentation regarding how the data was collected, the methodology used, variables considered, and the tables and charts used to come up with the results of each study can be requested and is supplied to provide transparency. However, this rigorous review process is not without fault. The use of the â€Å"Hierarchy Rule† in which only the highest scoring crime was reported in a multiple offense situation left many crimes essentially unreported. Further, researchers have consistently criticized the UCR for its inability to provide valid information that can be used as a reliable indicator of criminal trends and behaviors. The major issues were: 1. â€Å"The procedures and definitions are not consistent across agencies. 2. Many crimes are not included because citizens do not report them to the police and the likelihood of citizen reporting varies in systematic ways. 3. The police are selective in reporting crime and this filtering process is biased (not constant across social groups or areas). 4. Some agencies do not report or report incompletely, and missing data are poorly documented. 5. The major data collections do not provide information on the characteristics of offenders (such as age, race, and gender), and these must be inferred from arrest data. 6. The UCR is not a statistical program in the usual sense of the term. Rather, it is a â€Å"house organ† of the police (Lejins 1966, 1016) and reflects the organizational interests of agencies that may use the data to further those interests. † (Loftin and McDowall, 2010) With these discrepancies in mind, while UCR data is in no way the most perfect of sources, it was the only source of criminal justice trends and behavior for quite some time. Researchers were consistent in their use of the data provided, while maintaining claims that the information may be skewed. Yet, the value of UCR data could be determined by coming it to surveys of victimization and offending, incident of crime surveys, and self-reporting studies. Time provided more insight into the value of UCR data, specifically when the raw data was made available and there was less possibility for researchers to manipulate the findings. This paved the way for more detailed studies on data quality issues. (Loftin and McDowall, 2010) In response, it was determined that a more detailed data system needed to be put in place to make up for the shortcomings of the UCR Summary System. This lead to the development of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) in March 1988. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) The goal of NIBRS is to â€Å"enhance the quantity, quality, and timeliness of crime data collection and to improve the methodology used in compiling, analyzing, auditing, and publishing the collected crime statistics†. (Rantala and Edwards, 2000) Rather than follow a more summary based system of data collection, NIBRS is designed to suit the needs of the agency using it. While the collection of data and method of reporting remains the same, NIBRS compiles information from each single crime incident. This provides for a more accurate of a picture of criminal behavior, specifically when more than one crime occurs at a single incident. NIBRS requires extensive data collection of 46 Group A crimes and arrest data on an additional 11 Group B crimes. [Table 1] (Rantala and Edwards, 2000) This is far more specific and detail oriented that the UCR summary system. Benefits include the provision of information for all major current crime trends; all involved in criminal justice studies, research, and policy making have a more extensive crime data to consider; the extent and accuracy of the crime information provided by the new system better equips law enforcement agencies with the ability to request necessary resources to fight crime trends in their area; it allows agencies to find locate crime comparisons so that agencies can work together in a problem solving capacity; and, full agency participation gives a complete status of public safety in any given jurisdiction. Further, in response to the countrys war on crime, NIBRS added the Crimes Against Society category to include reports on drug offenses and terrorist activity. Lastly, crimes using computers, homicides, and 3 separate assault categories were added to the list of required information to be reported. NIBRS data systems have paved the way for new research topics to be explored, more specifically due to the difference in how crimes are classified than in UCR data. [Table 2] In-depth methodological research can be conducted which will make a large impact on the understanding of crime, criminal behavior, and crime trends in our country. NIBRS is well on its way to accomplishing its initial goals of providing a more detailed and accurate reporting system that will change the face of crime as we saw in the past. To date, because of NIBRS, new information regarding assaults, gender crime differences, and race comparisons have painted a new picture for criminal justice professionals. Conclusion Comparing the UCR summary reports and NIBRS consists of considering their â€Å"artifactual differences, non-uniform reporting practices, and reporting errors†.  (Rantala and Edwards, 2000) NIBRS expands the hotel rule and restructures specific crime definitions. The UCR utilizes the hierarchy rule. While they both count the number of incidents that occur, NIBRS includes all categories of crime involved. The UCR system is more susceptable to reporting errors whereas NIBRS is likely to experience programming errors. The bottom line is that the vast differences in both systems have caused a significant and dramatic change in the data provided for crime research and the field of criminology. However, NIBRS was also able to show that the UCR system did have its merits. The information provided by the NIBRS system when compared with UCR data only showed an average statistical change of -. 05 to 1. 5. (Rantala and Edwards, 2000) This further strengthened the validity of the UCR summary system despite the initial criticism. NIBRS has successfully enhanced criminal justice research and will continue to allow for continued advancements in the area of criminology.